Cathode ray tube

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-crt-monitor.htm

     A cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor is an analog computer display or television set with a large, deep casing. This type of monitor uses streams of electrons that activate dots or pixels on the screen to create a full image. In contrast to this, liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors andplasma television sets, or flat panel displays, use newer digital technologies. While flat-screens have become increasingly popular, there are still some advantages to CRT models that can make them better for some situations.

How a CRT Monitor Works

    Inside a CRT monitor is a picture tube that narrows at the rear into a bottleneck. In the bottleneck area is a charged filament or "cathode" enclosed in a vacuum tube. When electricity is supplied to this, the filament heats up and a stream or "ray" of electrons pours off of it. The negatively charged electrons are attracted to positively charged "anodes" which focus the particles into three narrow beams, accelerating them to strike a phosphor-coated display screen.

Phosphor glows when exposed to radiation, absorbing ultraviolet light and emitting visible, colored light. Materials that emit red, green and blue light are used in a color monitor, arranged as "stripes" made up of dots of color. The three beams are used to excite the three colors in combinations needed to create the various hues that form the picture.

    To precisely direct the beams of electrons, copper steering coils are used to create magnetic fields inside the tube. The fields move the electron beams vertically or horizontally. By applying varying voltages to the steering coils, a beam can be positioned at any point on the screen. Each image is "painted" onto the screen numerous times each second by scanning the electron beams across the screen. This must be done even when the picture being displayed is unchanging, because the phosphor only glows for a very short time.

Color Displays on a Monitor

    These colored dots are not technically pixels, but the term is frequently used to refer to them. The more lines of dots on a screen, the numerically higher and clearer the resolution. Therefore 1024 x 768, the number of columns by the number of rows, resolution is sharper than 800 x 600 resolution due to a denser, more detailed picture. Higher resolutions are important for displaying the subtle detail of graphics and crisp text.

Refresh Rates

    The "refresh rate" indicates how many times per second the beams paint an image on the screen. Though monitors differ in their capabilities, lower resolutions normally have higher refresh rates because it takes less time to paint a lower resolution. Therefore, a setting of 800 x 600 might have a refresh rate of 85 Hertz (Hz), meaning the CRT monitor paints or refreshes an image 85 times per second, while a resolution setting of 1024 x 768 may have a refresh rate of 75 Hz.

Large screen sizes also require higher refresh rates, and anything less than 75 Hz is generally considered inadequate. When the rate is less than this, people watching the CRT monitor can often detect "screen flicker." Generally speaking, high-end monitors have higher refresh rates overall than lower-end models.

Strengths and Drawbacks of CRT Monitors

    One of the biggest advantages of these monitors over other technology is the range of colors they can display. While newer models of LCD and flat-screen monitors have improved, a CRT monitor can typically display a greater range of colors more accurately and with more detail. Their contrast is also better, with deeper blacks. CRT monitors also have a wider viewing angle and are usually less expensive than similarly sized LCD models.

LCDs are significantly smaller and lighter in weight than CRTs, however, which makes them better for small offices and similar settings. They also give less glare and consume much less power than CRT monitors. LCDs also do not have flicker problems and can run quite well at lower refresh rates.

Measuring a Monitor

    A CRT monitor usually ranges from 17 inches (43.18 centimeters) in size up to about 22 inches (55.88 cm), though the actual viewing screen is about 1 inch (2.54 cm) smaller than the rated size. This is because part of the case covers up part of the screen. Screens are measured diagonally from corner to corner.

Liquid-crystal display

http://auo.com.tw/?sn=47&lang=zh-TW

    LCD一般於上下透明電極間灌入厚度約3~4um的液晶層，藉灌入像素(Pixel)電極電壓的方式來控制液晶夾層電場大小，進而調節穿透光的強度，使產生介於全亮與全暗之間的灰階畫面(Gray level)。目前LCD主要由彩色濾光片(Color filter, CF)、TFT陣列(TFT Array)基板和背光模組(Backlight)三大部分所組成如圖。TFT-LCD的每個Pixel均具有一組TFT來控制其電壓值，而欲使背光模組產生並透過LC的光線具有不同的顏色，那就需要紅、藍、綠(R/B/G)三種顏色的色阻成膜在CF玻璃上，搭配灰階產生全彩效果；在分別完成TFT陣列和CF基板製作後，接著將CF上板與TFT下板間灌注LC並對組貼合，最後附上偏光板(Polarizer)，此段製程稱為「LCD製程」；而最後的「LCM製程」，其為驅動IC以及控制電路板(PCBA)與玻璃基板的連接 (JI Process)，之後再與背光模組進行組裝(MA Process) ，最後就是模組的點燈檢測
AUO TFT-LCD製程技術之優勢
    已發展至8.5代廠以上的製程，以生產大尺寸的液晶電視用面板(如圖2)。2008年12月友達成功點亮國內第一片於G8.5廠房生產的46吋液晶電視面板，製程技術再度領先全台，在TFT-LCD新世代廠房的里程碑中寫下嶄新的一頁，亦建立TFT-LCD綠色廠房新典範。G8.5玻璃基板尺寸相當於一張撞球檯的大小，但玻璃厚度卻不到1mm，因此新世代廠房需要更高的製程技術；隨著大尺寸面板的技術漸趨成熟，友達未來仍將持續專注於新世代廠房的開發，以提高產能、提升製程品質，瞄準客戶服務為目標持續邁進。

Output device

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/outputde.htm

Any peripheral that receives or displays output from a computer. In the picture to the right, is an inkjet printer and a good example of an output device that can make a hard copy of anything on a computer. Below is a listing of all the different computer output devices found on a computer.

Types of output devices

• 3D Printer
• Braille embosser
• Braille reader
• Flat panel
• GPS
• Headphones
• Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
• Monitor
• Plotter
• Printer
• Projector
• Sound card
• Speakers
• Speech-generating device (SGD)
• TV
• Video card

Tip: Keep in mind that drives such as a CD-ROM, DVD, and a Floppy diskette drive may be capable of sending the computer information, but they are not output devices. These devices are considered storage devices.

Read-only memory

Read-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware (software that is very closely tied to specific hardware, and unlikely to need frequent updates).

Strictly, read-only memory refers to memory that is hard-wired, such as diode matrix and the later mask ROM. Although discrete circuits can be altered (in principle), ICs cannot and are useless if the data is bad. Despite the simplicity, speed and economies of scale of mask ROM, field-programmabilityoften make reprogrammable memories more flexible and inexpensive. As of 2007, actual ROM circuitry is therefore mainly used for applications such as microcode, and similar structures, on various kinds of processors.

Other types of non-volatile memory such as erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) and electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM or Flash ROM) are sometimes referred to, in an abbreviated way, as "read-only memory" (ROM); although these types of memory can be erased and re-programmed multiple times, writing to this memory takes longer and may require different procedures than reading the memory.^[1]When used in this less precise way, "ROM" indicates a non-volatile memory which serves functions typically provided by mask ROM, such as storage of program code and nonvolatile data.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory

RAM

   http://www.howstuffworks.com/ram.htm
 Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer memory. RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.

    The opposite of RAM is serial access memory (SAM). SAM stores data as a series of memory cells that can only be accessed sequentially (like a cassette tape). If the data is not in the current location, each memory cell is checked until the needed data is found. SAM works very well for memory buffers, where the data is normally stored in the order in which it will be used (a good example is the texture buffer memory on a video card). RAM data, on the other hand, can be accessed in any order.

    Similar to a microprocessor, a memory chip is an integrated circuit(IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors. In the most common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create amemory cell, which represents a single bit of data. The capacitor holds the bit of information -- a 0 or a 1 (see How Bits and Bytes Work for information on bits). The transistor acts as a switch that lets the control circuitry on the memory chip read the capacitor or change its state.

    A capacitor is like a small bucket­ that is able to store electrons. To store a 1 in the memory cell, the bucket is filled with electrons. To store a 0, it is emptied. The problem with the capacitor's bucket is that it has a leak. In a matter of a few milliseconds a full bucket becomes empty. Therefore, for dynamic memory to work, either the CPU or the memory controller has to come along and recharge all of the capacitors holding a 1 before they discharge. To do this, the mem­ory controller reads the memory and then writes it right back. This refresh operation happens automatically thousands of times per second.­

重點整理

http://210.71.63.21/shinder/%E8%A8%88%E6%A6%82%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E6%A6%82%E8%AB%96%E9%87%8D%E9%BB%9E%E6%95%B4%E7%90%86.htm

Critical Thinking

    A brief elaboration of the above definition, entitled "A Super-Streamlined Conception of Critical Thinking", is below. For exemplification that includes the distinction between critical thinking dispositions and abilities, see "Critical Thinking: A Streamlined Conception" from Teaching Philosophy (1991). For a longer, slightly-revised, unexemplified definition/conception, see The Nature of Critical Thinking. This could serve as a comprehensive outline for a  critical thinking curriculum, or for the general aspects of "critical thinking across the curriculum". It also could serve as the basis for a table of specifications for varylng levels of critical thinking assessment. For considerably more elaboration and exemplification see Ennis' Critical Thinking, published by Prentice Hall, 1996.

A critical thinker:
1. Is open-minded and mindful of alternatives
2. Desires to be, and is, well-informed
3. Judges well the credibility of sources
4. Identifies reasons, assumptions, and conclusions
5. Asks appropriate clarifying questions
6. Judges well the quality of an argument, including its reasons, assumptions, evidence, and their degree of support for the conclusion
7. Can well develop and defend a reasonable position regarding a belief or an action, doing justice to challenges
8. Formulates plausible hypotheses
9. Plans and conducts experiments well
10. Defines terms in a way appropriate for the context
11. Draws conclusions when warranted – but with caution
12. Integrates all of the above aspects of critical thinking

    Although the word 'critical' is sometimes used in a negative sense, this conception of critical thinking is not negative. Also, it does not treat critical thought as persuasion, but critical thought will, we hope, often be persuasive. The future of democracy depends on it.

WEB Research

Learning is the most productive human activity
http://webresearch.co.nz/default.aspx

The purpose of WEB Research is to understand how adults learn at work and to use that knowledge to improve the effectiveness of any organisation. We provide research & evaluation and change management services and business consultancy.

We improve the productivity, innovation, skills and sustainability of organisations and their people by using intervention methods we have learned and further developed by working with people in organisations.

WEB Research provides research (policy, operations, programmes), evaluation (case studies, action research, developmental research), management consulting (reviews of services, systems and structures) and advisory services to the public sector (education, labour), large and small businesses, Crown Research Institutes (with a primary industry or manufacturing focus), secondary school Boards of Trustees and ITOs and PTEs.  Get an overview of what we do.

Our methods draw on Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) and Developmental Work Research (DWR). We are active members of the International Society for Cultural and Activity Research (ISCAR) and are world leaders in adapting CHAT and DWR for use in workplaces.  WEB is a New Zealand SME. For clients this ensures that we understand running a small business and we understand New Zealanders.

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